Journal of Computer Aided Surgery Vol.6 No.2
Abstract: Not only structural navigation, but also functional navigation should be developed for cardiac and pulmonary surgeries, because those organs function by deforming their own configurations. In order to obtain functional information during surgery, computational biomechanics will be useful. We have been constructing a 4D lung model which links its function with its structure under normal and abnormal conditions. Our model will be useful for developing a structural-functional navigator for lung surgery.
Keywords: 4D modeling, lung, ventilation distribution, emphysema, reduction surgery.
Abstract: Robotic laparoscope positioners are now accepted and expected as assistant devices for solo surgery among endoscopic surgeons. In such robotic systems, the human-machine (surgeon-robot) interface is of paramount importance because it is the means by which the surgeon communicates with and controls the robotic camera assistant. Various types of human-machine interfaces such as remote hand switches, instrument-mounted joysticks, foot pedals, voice recognition, head/face control and instrument tracking have been suggested, and their effectiveness has been discussed individually. This paper attempts to bring together the human-machine interface in robotic camera positioning systems that have been devised in the last ten years. I herein organize the survey by breaking the laparoscope positioning systems into the following three types based on the view of "autonomy" : (i) non-autonomous systems, (ii) semi-autonomous systems, and (iii) full-autonomous systems.
Keywords: Human-machine interface, Laparoscopicsurgery, Robotic camera assistant, Solo surgery,Autonomy.
Abstract: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is unique for interventional use in that it has a spatial resolution independent of the wave length of the electromagnetic field used for imaging, various image parameters relating to physical properties of the subject, superior soft-tissue contrast, freedom in slicing angle, and non-radiation nature. Total treatment assistance based on lesion identification, treatment planning, device tracking, temperature imaging and treatment assessment is possible with these features. In this article, a few latest topics in the interventional MRI are introduced with a short review of the instrumentation engineering aspect of the techniques.
Keywords: Interventional, MR, tracking, Temperature, Endoscope.
Abstract: Under real-time MR image navigation using a double-donut type open MR system, various surgical procedures, such as microwave thermocoagulation therapy of liver tumors, have been carried out for 4.5 years. We have developed new MR compatible surgical instruments and navigation software by ourselves. Such devices have been increased the availability of MR-guided procedures and quite effective for the accurate and safe treatment.
Keywords: MR image-guided surgery, Navigation surgery, Interventional therapy, Microwave ablation.
Keywords: Spinal instrumentation, Fluoroscopy, Navigation system.
Abstract: Application of navigation systems to otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery should permit safer, sounder operations when attempting revision surgery on anatomically ambiguous target organs, surgery on lesions expanding to organs with risk factors for complications, and in minimally invasive surgery. If such systems were used in ear surgery, the location of important organs in the temporal bone could be checked. In operations on the nose or paranasal sinus at risk organs could be avoided (e.g. orbit and basal skull) and residual cells and incision locations on postoperative cyst could be identified.
When operating tumors of head and neck, the preoperative and pretreatment status could be grasped and the area of tumors resection could be determined, including the safety margin. In addition to these applications, navigation systems are useful for operations such as choanal atresia and aural atresia, fracture repair, skull base surgery, and on biopsy, nerve block and surgical training. Although this system has the potential to improve the surgeon’s confidence and knowledge of patient anatomy, the overestimate its ability should be careful without any knowledge of anatomy and surgical experiences.
Keywords: Navigational Surgery, Indication, Problems, Educational tool, Future.
Abstract: For advanced right colon cancer, we perform lymph node dissection exposing so called the surgical trunk. For the resection of advanced proximal sigmoid cancer, we sometimes perform lymph node dissection around root of IMA with preserving the left colic artery and superior rectal artery. For either of these procedures performing safely, it is important to know the precise individual vascular anatomy bearing their variations. However, there are major issues in laparoscopic surgery, such as no tactile sensation, limitation on visual fields. To overcome these issues and to accurately identify the vascular anatomy of each patient, we have applied Integrated 3D-CT as preoperative simulation and intraopetative navigation since July, 2000. Under the precise recognition of laparoscopic surgical anatomy, additionally simulated and navigated by Integrated 3D-CT imaging for each patient, systematic lymphadenectomy with tailor-made vascular dissection by laparoscopy appears to be feasible and more meticulous compared to one by conventional open surgery.
Keywords: Laparoscopic surgery, 3D-CT navigation surgery, Tailor-made surgery.
Abstract: This paper introduces a dental crown production system. The crown designed in this system not only had no interference at intercuspal position but also given functional occlusal surfaces. The functional occlusal surface was created with virtual articulator which reproduces the movement of subject's mandible on a computer system. Finally, validity of the processes in this crown production system, errors which were caused in each process and the necessity of dental CAE(Computer-Aided Engineering) system were discussed.
Keywords: Virtual articulator, Functional occlusal surface, Dental crown, Mandibular movement.
Abstract: There are several problems in conventional dental trainings using a mannequin due to the lack of reality.To solve such problems, we proposed in this study a dental training system using the virtual reality technology. In our system, a virtual environment and a virtual patient were produced in a virtual space, where the dental mirror and hand pieces can be operated real-timely. The force feedback of operations and a tooth cutting operation in training were realized using two computers. Furthermore, in order to be aware of and to avoid possible dangers, the tongue of the patient was moved randomly in training, and warnings with sound and a signal of blood were given when the drill contacts tongue or mucous membrane of mouth. Experiments of tooth cutting and operating were carried out with good training effects confirmed.
Keywords: Dental training, Virtual reality, Haptics, Force feedback, Awareness of danger.